Cytosolic phospholipase A2-gamma enzymes and polynucleotides encoding same

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a novel calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A 2 -Gamma enzyme, polynucleotides encoding such enzyme and methods for screening unknown compounds for anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the arachidonic acid cascade.

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 08/890,615 filed Jul. 9, 1997, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,031.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The phospholipase A₂ enzymes comprise a widely distributed family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position. One kind of phospholipase A₂ enzymes, secreted phospholipase A₂ or sPLA₂, are involved in a number of biological functions, including phospholipid digestion, the toxic activities of numerous venoms, and potential antibacterial activities. A second kind of phospholipase A₂ enzymes, the intracellular phospholipase A₂ enzymes, also known as cytosolic phospholipase A₂ or cPLA₂, are active in membrane phospholipid turnover and in regulation of inflammation mediated by the multiple components of the well-known arachidonic acid cascade. One or more cPLA₂ enzymes are believed to be responsible for the rate limiting step in the arachidonic acid cascade, namely, release of arachidonic acid from membrane glycerophospholipids. The action of cPLA₂ also initiates the biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,776, 5,354,677, 5,527,698 and 5,593,878 disclose such enzymes (sometimes referred to herein as “cPLA₂α”).

The phospholipase B enzymes are a family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The mechanism of hydrolysis is unclear but may consist of initial hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acid followed by rapid cleavage of the sn-1 substituent, i.e., functionally equivalent to the combination of phospholipase A₂ and lysophospholipase (Saito et al., Methods of Enzymol., 1991, 197, 446; Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). Whether these two events occur at the same or two distinct active sites has not been resolved. It is also unknown if these enzymes have a preference for the removal of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular arachidonic acid, at the sn-2 position and accordingly contribute to the arachidonic acid cascade.

Upon release from the membrane, arachidonic acid may be metabolized via the cyclooxygenase pathway to produce the various prostaglandins and thromboxanes, or via the lipoxygenase pathway to produce the various leukotrienes and related compounds. The prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor are well known mediators of various inflammatory states, and numerous anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed which function by inhibiting one or more steps in the arachidonic acid cascade. The efficacy of the present anti-inflammatory drugs which act through inhibition of arachidonic acid cascade steps is limited by the existence of side effects which may be harmful to various individuals.

A very large industrial effort has been made to identify additional anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade. In general, this industrial effort has employed the secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes in inhibitor screening assays, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,826. However, because the secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes are extracellular proteins (i.e., not cytosolic) and do not selectively hydrolyze arachidonic acid, they are presently not widely believed to contribute to prostaglandin and leukotriene production. While some inhibitors of the small secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes have been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity, such as bromphenacyl bromide, mepacrine, and certain butyrophenones as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,780. The site of action of these compounds is unclear as these agents retain anti-inflammatory activity in mouse strains lacking sPLA₂. It is presently believed that inhibitor screening assays should employ cytosolic phospholipase A₂ enzymes which initiate the arachidonic acid cascade.

An improvement in the search for anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade was developed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776, incorporated herein by reference. In that application, a cytosolic form of phospholipase A₂ was identified, isolated, and cloned. Use of the cytosolic form of phospholipase A₂ to screen for anti-inflammatory drugs provides a significant improvement in identifying inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade. The cytosolic phospholipase A₂ disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 is a 110 kD protein which depends on the presence of elevated levels of calcium inside the cell for its activity. The cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 plays a pivotal role in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins initiated by the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines and calcium mobilizing agents. The cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 is activated by phosphorylation on serine residues and increasing levels of intracellular calcium, resulting in translocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the membrane where arachidonic acid is selectively hydrolyzed from membrane phospholipids.

In addition to the cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776, some cells contain calcium independent phospholipase A₂/B enzymes. For example, such enzymes have been identified in rat, rabbit, canine and human heart tissue (Gross, TCM, 1991, 2, 115; Zupan et al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 95; Hazen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 91, 2513; Lehman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 20713; Zupan et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 8707; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 14526; Loeb et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261, 10467; Wolf et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 7295; Hazen et al., Meth. Enzymol., 1991, 197, 400; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 10622; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 9892; Ford et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1991, 88, 331; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 5629; Hazen et al., Circulation Res., 1992, 70, 486; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 7227; Zupan et al., FEBS, 1991, 284, 27), as well as rat and human pancreatic islet cells (Ramanadham et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 337; Gross et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 327), in the macrophage-like cell line, P388D₁ (Ulevitch et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 3079; Ackermann et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 9227; Ross et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1985, 238, 247; Ackermann et al., FASEB Journal, 1993, 7(7), 1237), in various rat tissue cytosols (Nijssen et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1986, 876, 611; Pierik et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1988, 962, 345; Aarsman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 10008), bovine brain (Ueda et al., Biochem. Biophys, Res. Comm., 1993, 195, 1272; Hirashima et al., J. Neurochem., 1992, 59, 708), in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mitochondria (Yost et al., Biochem. International, 1991, 24, 199), hamster heart cytosol (Cao et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1987, 262, 16027), rabbit lung microsomes (Angle et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1988, 962, 234) and guinea pig intestinal brush-border membrane (Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,466,595, 5,554,511 and 5,589,170 also disclose calcium independent cPLA₂/B enzymes (sometimes referred to herein as “iPLA₂”).

An additional cPLA₂, called “cPLA₂β”, has also been identified. cPLA₂β is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/788,975. Similar to cPLA₂α, cPLA₂β is a calcium dependent phospholipase with preference for arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of the phospholips. Significant homology of amino sequences is found between the alpha and beta isoforms in three regions, namely the CaLB domain, catalytic domains A and B (see FIG. 1). This finding leads to the notion that cPLA₂α is a member of a multi-gene family and that more than one intracellular phospholipase A₂ might be involved in arachidonic acid release, mis regulation of which may lead to various human diseases including inflammation and cancer formation (Heasley et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 14501).

In addition, it is believed that the phospholipase enzymes may perform important functions in release of arachidonic acid in specific tissues which are characterized by unique membrane phospholipids, by generating lysophospholipid species which are deleterious to membrane integrity or by remodeling of unsaturated species of membrane phospholipids through deacylation/reacylation mechanisms. The activity of such a phospholipase may well be regulated by mechanisms that are different from that of the cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776. In addition the activity may be more predominant in certain inflamed tissues over others.

Therefore, it would be desirable to identify and isolate additional cPLA₂ enzymes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In other embodiments, the invention provides isolated polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 from nucleotide 312 to nucleotide 1934;

(b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

(c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine;

(d) a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing with the sequence of (a), (b) or (c) which encodes a peptide having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine;

(e) allelic variants of the sequence of (a); and

(f) species homologues of the sequence of (a) or (b).

Expression vectors comprising such polynucleotides and host cells transformed with such vectors are also provided by the present invention. Compositions comprising peptides encoded by such polynucleotides are also provided.

The present invention also provides processes for producing a phospholipase enzyme, said process comprising: (a) establishing a culture of the host cell transformed with a cPLA₂-Gamma encoding polynucleotide in a suitable culture medium; and (b) isolating said enzyme from said culture. Compositions comprising a peptide made according to such processes are also provided.

Certain embodiments of the present invention provide compositions comprising a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

(b) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine; and

(c) species homologues of (a);

such peptide being substantially free of other mammalian proteins.

The present invention also provides methods for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: (a) combining a phospholipid, a candidate inhibitor compound, and a composition comprising a phospholipase enzyme peptide; and (b) observing whether said phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves said phospholipid and releases fatty acid thereby, wherein the peptide composition is one of those described above. Inhibitor of phospholipase activity identified by such methods, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of such inhibitors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and methods of reducing inflammation by administering such pharmaceutical compositions to a mammalian subject are also provided.

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the peptides of the invention are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of three human cPLA2 isoforms. The conserved domains are shaded alike. The percentages above conserved domains in cPLA2β and cPLA2γ indicate the degree of amino acid sequence identity to the corresponding regions of cPLA2α. The numbers reflect the length (in amino acids) of each segment. CaLB refers to Calcium-dependent Lipid Binding domain.

FIG. 2 shows the tissue distribution of human cPLA2γ mRNA. ³²P-labeled cPLA2γ cDNA probe synthesized from the 900 bp EcoRI/Not I fragment from IMAGE consortium clone #258543 was used to hybridize blotted mRNA samples isolated from different human tissues. The blots were washed under high-stringency conditions and exposed to X-ray film.

FIG. 3 presents data relating to the phospholipase A2 activity of lysates from COS-1 cells transfected with pEDΔC (vector) or pEDΔC- cPLA₂γWT#53 (cPLA2gamma). Forty ul of the lysate was mixed on ice with 100 ul substrate containing 20 uM 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-14C]-arachidonyl-L-3-Phosphatidylcholine, 100 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 50 uM Triton-X 100, 10% glycerol and 5 mM EGTA. The reaction was carried out at 37 ° C. for 30 min and the products analyzed as described (PNAS 87, pp7708-7712, 1990). In the reactions with calcium (Ca++), CaCl₂ was added to a final concentration of 12.8 mM.

FIG. 4 presents data relating to the hydrolysis of lyso-PC substrate by E. coli expressed GST-cPLA2γ fusion protein. Forty ul of the purified proteins (GST or GST-cPLA2γ) was mixed with 100 ul reaction buffer containing 80 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1 mg/ml of BSA and 4 uM L-1-(palmitoyl-1-¹⁴C) phosphatidylcholine. The reactions were carried out at 37 ° C. for 30 min and the products analyzed as described (PNAS 87, pp7708-7712, 1990).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A cDNA encoding the cPLA₂-Gamma of the present invention was isolated as described in Example 1. The sequence of the isolated cDNA is reported as SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence encoded by such cDNA is SEQ ID NO:2.

The present invention also provides genes corresponding to the cDNA sequences disclosed herein. The corresponding genes can be isolated in accordance with known methods using the sequence information disclosed herein. Such methods include the preparation of probes or primers from the disclosed sequence information for identification and/or amplification of genes in appropriate genomic libraries or other sources of genomic materials.

Proteins and protein fragments of the present invention include proteins with amino acid sequence lengths that are at least 25% (more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75%) of the length of a disclosed protein and have at least 60% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 75% identity; most preferably at least 90% or 95% identity) with that disclosed protein, where sequence identity is determined by comparing the amino acid sequences of the proteins when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps. Also included in the present invention are proteins and protein fragments that contain a segment preferably comprising 8 or more (more preferably 20 or more, most preferably 30 or more) contiguous amino acids that shares at least 75% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 85% identity; most preferably at least 95% identity) with any such segment of any of the disclosed proteins.

Species homologs of the disclosed polynucleotides and proteins are also provided by the present invention. Species homologs may be isolated and identified by making suitable probes or primers from the sequences provided herein and screening a suitable nucleic acid source from the desired species.

The invention also encompasses allelic variations of the cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, that is, naturally-occurring alternative forms of the cDNAs of SEQ ID NO:1 which also encode phospholipase enzymes of the present invention.

The invention also includes polynucleotides with sequences complementary to those of the polynucleotides disclosed herein.

The present invention also includes polynucleotides capable of hybridizing under reduced stringency conditions, more preferably stringent conditions, and most preferably highly stringent conditions, to polynucleotides described herein. Examples of stringency conditions are shown in the table below: highly stringent conditions are those that are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions A-F; stringent conditions are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions G-L; and reduced stringency conditions are at least as stringent as, for example, conditions M-R.

Hybrid Wash Stringency Polynucleotide Length Hybridization Temperature and Temperature and Condition Hybrid (bp)^(‡) Buffer^(†) Buffer^(†) A DNA:DNA ≧50 65° C.; 1xSSC -or- 65° C.; 0.3xSSC 42° C.; 1xSSC, 50% formamide B DNA:DNA <50 T_(B)*; 1xSSC T_(B)*; 1xSSC C DNA:RNA ≧50 67° C.; 1xSSC -or- 67° C.; 0.3xSSC 45° C.; 1xSSC, 50% formamide D DNA:RNA <50 T_(D)*; 1xSSC T_(D)*; 1xSSC E RNA:RNA ≧50 70° C.; 1xSSC -or- 70° C.; 0.3xSSC 50° C.; 1xSSC, 50% formamide F RNA:RNA <50 T_(F)*; 1xSSC T_(F)*; 1xSSC G DNA:DNA ≧50 65° C.; 4xSSC -or- 65° C.; 1xSSC 42° C.; 4xSSC, 50% formamide H DNA:DNA <50 T_(H)*; 4xSSC T_(H)*; 4xSSC I DNA:RNA ≧50 67° C.; 4xSSC -or- 67° C.; 1xSSC 45° C.; 4xSSC, 50% formamide J DNA:RNA <50 T_(J)*; 4xSSC T_(J)*; 4xSSC K RNA:RNA ≧50 70° C.; 4xSSC -or- 67° C.; 1xSSC 50° C.; 4xSSC, 50% formamide L RNA:RNA <50 T_(L)*; 2xSSC T_(L)*; 2xSSC M DNA:DNA ≧50 50° C.; 4xSSC -or- 50° C.; 2xSSC 40° C.; 6xSSC, 50% formamide N DNA:DNA <50 T_(N)*; 6xSSC T_(N)*; 6xSSC O DNA:RNA ≧50 55° C.; 4xSSC -or- 55° C.; 2xSSC 42° C.; 6xSSC, 50% formamide P DNA:RNA <50 T_(P)*; 6xSSC T_(P)*; 6xSSC Q RNA:RNA ≧50 60° C.; 4xSSC -or- 60° C.; 2xSSC 45° C.; 6xSSC, 50% formamide R RNA:RNA <50 T_(R)*; 4xSSC T_(R)*; 4xSSC ^(‡)The hybrid length is that anticipated for the hybridized region(s) of the hybridizing polynucleotides. When hybridizing a polynucleotide to a target polynucleotide of unknown sequence, the hybrid length is assumed to be that of the hybridizing polynucleotide. When polynucleotides of known sequence are hybridized, the hybrid length can be determined by aligning the sequences of the polynucleotides and identifying the region or regions of optimal sequence complementarity. ^(†)SSPE (1xSSPE is 0.15 M NaCl, 10 mM NaH₂PO₄, and 1.25 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) can be substituted for SSC (1xSSC is 0.15 M NaCl and 15 mM sodium citrate) in the hybridization and wash buffers; washes are performed for 15 minutes after hybridization is complete. *T_(B)-T_(R): The hybridization temperature for hybrids anticipated to be less than 50 base pairs in length should be 5-10° C. less than the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the hybrid, where T_(m) is determined according to the following equations. For hybrids less than 18 base pairs in length, T_(m)(° C.) = 2(# of A + T bases) + 4(# of G + C bases). For hybrids between 18 and 49 base pairs in length, # T_(m)(° C.) = 81.5 + 16.6(log₁₀ [Na⁺]) + 0.41(% G + C) − (600/N), where N is the number of bases in the hybrid, and [Na⁺] is the concentration of sodium ions in the hybridization buffer ([Na⁺] for 1xSSC = 0.165 M).

Additional examples of stringency conditions for polynucleotide hybridization are provided in Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., chapters 9 and 11, and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, 1995, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., sections 2.10 and 6.3-6.4, incorporated herein by reference.

Preferably, each such hybridizing polynucleotide has a length that is at least 25% (more preferably at least 50%, and most preferably at least 75%) of the length of the polynucleotide of the present invention to which it hybridizes, and has at least 60% sequence identity (more preferably, at least 75% identity; most preferably at least 90% or 95% identity) with the polynucleotide of the present invention to which it hybridizes, where sequence identity is determined by comparing the sequences of the hybridizing polynucleotides when aligned so as to maximize overlap and identity while minimizing sequence gaps.

The isolated polynucleotides of the invention may be operably linked to an expression control sequence such as the pMT2 or pED expression vectors disclosed in Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991), in order to produce the phospholipase enzyme peptides recombinantly. Many suitable expression control sequences are known in the art. General methods of expressing recombinant proteins are also known and are exemplified in R. Kaufman, Methods in Enzymology 185, 537-566 (1990). As defined herein “operably linked” means enzymatically or chemically ligated to form a covalent bond between the isolated polynucleotide of the invention and the expression control sequence, in such a way that the phospholipase enzyme peptide is expressed by a host cell which has been transformed (transfected) with the ligated polynucleotide/expression control sequence.

A number of types of cells may act as suitable host cells for expression of the phospholipase enzyme peptide. Suitable host cells are capable of attaching carbohydrate side chains characteristic of functional phospholipase enzyme peptide. Such capability may arise by virtue of the presence of a suitable glycosylating enzyme within the host cell, whether naturally occurring, induced by chemical mutagenesis, or through transfection of the host cell with a suitable expression plasmid containing a polynucleotide encoding the glycosylating enzyme. Host cells include, for example, monkey COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human kidney 293 cells, human epidermal A431 cells, human Colo205 cells, 3T3 cells, CV-1 cells, other transformed primate cell lines, normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, or HaK cells.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide may also be produced by operably linking the isolated polynucleotide of the invention to suitable control sequences in one or more insect expression vectors, and employing an insect expression system. Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, e.g., Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., U.S.A. (the MaxBac® kit), and such methods are well known in the art, as described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987), incorporated herein by reference.

Alternatively, it may be possible to produce the phospholipase enzyme peptide in lower eukaryotes such as yeast or in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Potentially suitable yeast strains include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces strains, Candida, or any yeast strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. Potentially suitable bacterial strains include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, or any bacterial strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. If the phospholipase enzyme peptide is made in yeast or bacteria, it is necessary to attach the appropriate carbohydrates to the appropriate sites on the protein moiety covalently, in order to obtain the glycosylated phospholipase enzyme peptide. Such covalent attachments may be accomplished using known chemical or enzymatic methods.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention may also be expressed as a product of transgenic animals, e.g., as a component of the milk of transgenic cows, goats, pigs, or sheep which are characterized by somatic or germ cells containing a polynucleotide encoding the phospholipase enzyme peptide.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention may be prepared by culturing transformed host cells under culture conditions necessary to express a phospholipase enzyme peptide of the present invention. The resulting expressed protein may then be purified from cell extracts as described in the examples below.

Alternatively, the phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention is concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. Following the concentration step, the concentrate can be applied to a purification matrix such as a gel filtration medium. Alternatively, an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups. The matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification. Alternatively, a cation exchange step can be employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Sulfopropyl groups are preferred (e.g., S-Sepharose® columns). The purification of the phospholipase enzyme peptide from cell extracts may also include one or more column steps over such affinity resins as concanavalin A-agarose, heparin-toyopearl® or Cibacrom blue 3GA Sepharose®; or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using such resins as phenyl ether, butyl ether, or propyl ether; or by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Finally, one or more reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media, e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify the phospholipase enzyme peptide. Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, can also be employed to provide a substantially homogeneous isolated recombinant protein. The phospholipase enzyme peptide thus purified is substantially free of other mammalian proteins and is defined in accordance with the present invention as “isolated phospholipase enzyme peptide”.

The cPLA₂-Gamma of the present invention may be used to screen for compounds having anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the various components of the arachidonic acid cascade. Many assays for phospholipase activity are known and may be used with the phospholipase A₂-Gamma on the present invention to screen unknown compounds. For example, such an assay may be a mixed micelle assay as described in Example 2. Other known phospholipase activity assays include, without limitation, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776. These assays may be performed manually or may be automated or robotized for faster screening. Methods of automation and robotization are known to those skilled in the art.

In one possible screening assay, a first mixture is formed by combining a phospholipase enzyme peptide of the present invention with a phospholipid cleavable by such peptide, and the amount of hydrolysis in the first mixture (BO) is measured. A second mixture is also formed by combining the peptide, the phospholipid and the compound or agent to be screened, and the amount of hydrolysis in the second mixture (B) is measured. The amounts of hydrolysis in the first and second mixtures are compared, for example, by performing a B/B_(o) calculation. A compound or agent is considered to be capable of inhibiting phospholipase activity (i.e., providing anti-inflammatory activity) if a decrease in hydrolysis in the second mixture as compared to the first mixture is observed. The formulation and optimization of mixtures is within the level of skill in the art, such mixtures may also contain buffers and salts necessary to enhance or to optimize the assay, and additional control assays may be included in the screening assay of the invention.

Other uses for the cPLA₂-Gamma of the present invention are in the development of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Such antibodies may be generated by employing purified forms of the cPLA₂ or immunogenic fragments thereof as an antigen using standard methods for the development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as are known to those skilled in the art. Such polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are useful as research or diagnostic tools, and further may be used to study phospholipase A₂ activity and inflammatory conditions.

Pharmaceutical compositions containing anti-inflammatory agents (i.e., inhibitors) identified by the screening method of the present invention may be employed to treat, for example, a number of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases mediated by increased levels of prostaglandins, leukotriene, or platelet activating factor (such as, for example, Alzheimer's disease). Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a cPLA₂ inhibitor compound first identified according to the present invention in a mixture with an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient(s). The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of the method or composition that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., healing or amelioration of chronic conditions or increase in rate of healing or amelioration. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. A therapeutically effective dose of the inhibitor of this invention is contemplated to be in the range of about 0.1 μg to about 100 mg per kg body weight per application. It is contemplated that the duration of each application of the inhibitor will be in the range of 12 to 24 hours of continuous administration. The characteristics of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration.

The amount of inhibitor in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of inhibitor with which to treat each individual patient. Initially, the attending physician will administer low doses of inhibitor and observe the patient's response. Larger doses of inhibitor may be administered until the optimal therapeutic effect is obtained for the patient, and at that point the dosage is not increased further.

Administration is preferably oral, but other known methods of administration for anti-inflammatory agents may be used. Administration of the anti-inflammatory compounds identified by the method of the invention can be carried out in a variety of conventional ways. For example, for topical administration, the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of a pyrogen-free, dermatologically acceptable liquid or semi-solid formulation such as an ointment, cream, lotion, foam or gel. The preparation of such topically applied formulations is within the skill in the art. Gel formulation should contain, in addition to the anti-inflammatory compound, about 2 to about 5% W/W of a gelling agent. The gelling agent may also function to stabilize the active ingredient and preferably should be water soluble. The formulation should also contain about 2% W/V of a bactericidal agent and a buffering agent. Exemplary gels include ethyl, methyl, and propyl celluloses. Preferred gels include carboxypolymethylene such as Carbopol (934P; B. F. Goodrich), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalates such as Methocel (K100M premium; Merril Dow), cellulose gums such as Blanose (7HF; Aqualon, U.K.), xanthan gums such as Keltrol (TF; Kelko International), hydroxyethyl cellulose oxides such as Polyox (WSR 303; Union Carbide), propylene glycols, polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof. If Carbopol is used, a neutralizing agent, such as NaOH, is also required in order to maintain pH in the desired range of about 7 to about 8 and most desirably at about 7.5. Exemplary preferred bactericidal agents include steryl alcohols, especially benzyl alcohol. The buffering agent can be any of those already known in the art as useful in preparing medicinal formulations, for example 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5.

Cutaneous or subcutaneous injection may also be employed and in that case the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solutions. The preparation of such parenterally acceptable solutions, having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art.

Intravenous injection may be employed, wherein the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solutions. A preferred pharmaceutical composition for intravenous injection should contain, in addition to the anti-inflammatory compound, an isotonic vehicle such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection, or other vehicle as known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also contain stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, antioxidants, or other additive known to those of skill in the art.

The amount of anti-inflammatory compound in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of anti-inflammatory compound with which to treat each individual patient.

Anti-inflammatory compounds identified using the method of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with other anti-inflammation agents and therapies.

EXAMPLE 1

Clone Identification

Two cPLA₂γ-specific deoxyribonucleotides were designed based on the sequence of human EST clone #258543 (GenBank accession N56796), which was identified to be homologous to cPLA2α and cPLA2β by searching the GenBank EST database using the amino acid sequence of cPLA2β as a query:

5′-TTCGACTTCAGTGCCGGAGATCCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)

5′-GGGAAAATGCATCACCACTGGTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:4)

These oligonucleotides were used to hybridize to the plasmid DNA isolated from IMAGE consortium clone #258543 to confirm its sequence. The 900 bp EcorI/Not I fragment from clone #258543 was then used to probe human tissue northern blots purchased from Clontech (catalog # 7759-1 and 7760-1) under high stringency hybridization conditions (See FIG. 2). A high level of expression for this gene was noted for human heart and skeletal muscle. The same probe fragment was then used to screen 10⁶ recombinates of the oligo dT primed human skeletal muscle library purchased from Strategene (catalog # 937209). Clone 19A, which is a phagemid DNA excised from the Lamda Uni-Zap XR phage vector, was examined for complete DNA sequence determination (SEQ ID NO:1). The coding sequence on this clone begins at nucleotide 312 and continues to a stop codon at nucleotide 1935, representing 541 amino acids (see SEQ ID NO:2).

A comparison of the cPLA₂γ amino acid sequence with the sequences of cPLA₂α and cPLA₂β reveals 28.7% and 29.6% overall identity, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment of the amino acid sequences of the three cPLA₂ isoforms also reveals that cPLA₂γ lacks the calcium-dependent lipid binding (CaLB) domain found in the other two isoforms and that homology can be found in two subdomains in the catalytic region, namely, the catalytic domains A and B (See FIG. 1). The N-terminus of the encoded polypeptide begins with MGSS, which is a potential site for N-terminal myristoylation, and the C-terminus ends with CCLA, which is a potential site for double geranylgeranylation modification at the two consecutive cystidines.

Clone 19A was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection on Jun. 18, 1997 as accession number ATCC 98467.

Construction of Expression Vectors to Produce cPLA2γ Protein in COS-7 Cells

Two oligonucleotides were designed as follows:

Oligonucleotide A2GFWD:

5′-GTTCACCTCATCCTCTCCTTCGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5)

Oligonucleotide A2GCWT:

5′-TCGGGGTACCGAATTCGGGCCCTATGCCAAGCAGCAACTTCGGGCACT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6).

These two oligonucleotides were used to amplify the 3′-end coding region of cPLA₂γ using clone 19A DNA as template in a PCR reaction The PCR product was digested with Xba I and Eco RI and the smaller DNA fragment was gel-purified and ligated with the XbaI/EcoRI fragment of clone 19A and EcoRI-digested vector pEDΔC. The resulting clone, named pEDΔC- cPLA₂γWT#53 was confirmed to contain the desired C-terminal coding sequence by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing.

Transfection and Activity Assay

Eight micrograms of plasmid pEDΔC-cPLA₂γWT#53 was transfected into COS-7 cells on a 10 cm cell culture plate using lipofectamine (GIBCO BRL) according to manufacturer's protocol. pEDΔC vector DNA, pEMC-cPLA2 were also transfected in parallel experiments. At 33 hours posttransfection, cells were washed twice with 10 ml of ice-cold TBS, scraped into 1 ml of TBS. Cell pellets were collected, resuspended in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTT, 0.34 M sucrose, 1 mM PMSF and 1 ug/ml leupeptin) and lysed in a Parr-bomb (700 psi, 10 min) on ice. The lysate were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 0.5 hr at 4 ° C. The supernatant (cytosolic fraction) was transferred to another set of tubes and the pellets were resuspended in 0.5 volume of lysis buffer (particulate fraction).

Forty ul of the lysate was mixed on ice with 100 ul substrate containing 20 uM 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-14-C]-arachidonyl-L-3-Phosphotidylcholine, 100 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.5, 50 uM Triton-X 100, 10% glycerol and 5 mM EGTA. The reaction was carried out at 37 ° C. for 30 min and the products analyzed as described (PNAS 87, pp7708-7712, 1990).

Expression and Purification of cPLA₂γ in E. coli as a GST Fusion Protein and Activity Assay

The cPLA₂γ gene was first subcloned into the plasmid pSE380 which places additional restriction sites at the 3′ end of the gene, permitting facile subcloning into a GST fusion vector pGEX. The insert from cPLA₂γ clone 19A was excised as an NcoI/KpnI fragment, starting at bp 311 and ending at the KpnI site located in the Bluescript polylinker region. This fragment was ligated into the vector pSE380 predigested with NcoI/KpnI, resulting in plasmid cPLA₂γ clone 19A/pSE380. A NcoI/NotI fragment was excised from this plasmid and ligated with the following NcoI-to-BamHI converter into the BamHI/NotI cut pGEX-5X-3 GST fusion vector (Pharmacia).

5′-GATCGGTAGCGGTAGCAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7)

3′-CCATCGCCATCGTGGTAC-5′ (SEQ ID NO:8)

G I G S G S T M (SEQ ID NO:9)

The resulting construct, clone B1, produces a GST/cPLA₂-gamma fusion plasmid containing the complete coding sequence of cPLA₂γ fused c-terminally to GST with a Gly-Ser-Gly-Ser spacer peptide.

Expression of the GST protein and GST-cPLA₂γ fusion protein was induced with 0.3 mM IPTG at 37 ° C. for 3 hours after cells reached an O.D._(6.00) of 1.5. Cell pellets from 1 liter of culture were then harvested, resuspended in 30 ml of TBS containing 10% glycerol and various protease inhibitors and lysed in a Parr-bomb at 1500 PSI for 30 min. After treatment with DNase I and RNase A, cell lysate was centrifuged at 15000 rpm in a Sorvall SS34 rotor and the supernatant was mixed with 50% of glutathione Sepharose slury. After incubation at 4 ° C. for 1 hour, the glutathione beads were collected by centrifugation at 800 g and washed three times with 50 ml of lysis buffer. Bound protein was eluted in 2 ml of freshly prepared elution buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8, 150 mM NaCl, 10% Glycerol, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 20 mM reduced glutathione). Forty ul of the eluted proteins was mixed with 100 ul reaction buffer containing 80 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mM EGTA, 0.1 mg/ml of BSA and 4 uM L-1-(palmitoyl-1-¹⁴C) phosphatidylcholine. The reactions were carried out at 37 ° C. for 30 min and the products analyzed as described (PNAS 87, pp7708-7712, 1990).

EXAMPLE 2 Phopholipase Assays

1. Sn-2 Hydrolysis Assays

A) Liposome: The lipid, e.g. 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PAPC), 55 mCi/mmol, was dried under a stream of nitrogen and solubilized in ethanol. The assay buffer contained 100 mM Tris-HCI pH 7, 4 mM EDTA, 4 mM EGTA, 10% glycerol and 25 μM of labelled PAPC, where the volume of ethanol added was no more than 10% of the final assay volume. The reaction was incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. and quenched by the addition of two volumes of heptane:isopropanol:0.5M sulfuric acid (105:20:1 v/v). Half of the organic was applied to a disposable silica gel column in a vacuum manifold positioned over a scintillation vial, and the free arachidonic was eluted by the addition of ethyl ether (1 ml). The level of radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation.

Variations on this assay replace EDTA and EGTA with 10 mM CaCl₂.

B) Mixed Micelle Basic: The lipid was dried down as in (A) and to this was added the assay buffer consisting of 80 mM glycine pH 9, 5 mM CaCl₂ or 5 mM EDTA, 10% or 70% glycerol and 200 μM triton X-100. The mixture was then sonicated for 30-60 seconds at 4° C. to form mixed micelles.

C) Mixed Micelle Neutral: As for (B) except 100 mM Tris-HCI pH 7 was used instead of glycine as the buffer.

2. Sn-1 Hydrolysis Assays

Sn-1 hydrolysis assays are performed as described above for sn-1 hydrolysis, but using phospholipids labelled at the sn-1 substituent, e.g. 1-[¹⁴C]-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine.

Patent and literature references cited herein are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.

SEQUENCE LISTING <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 9 <210> SEQ ID NO 1 <211> LENGTH: 2454 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (312)...(1934) <400> SEQUENCE: 1 ggcacgaggc aggggccatt ttacctccag gttggccctg ctcaggacca ggaggaaaca 60 cctccagccc gcgacctcct cccacagggg gaaaaggaaa gcaggaggac cacagaagct 120 ttggcaccga ggatccccgc agtcttcacc cgcggagatt ccggctgaag gagctgtcca 180 gcgactacac cgctaagcgc agggagccca agcctccgca ccggattccg gagcacaagc 240 tccaccgcgc atgcgcacac gccccagacc caggctcagg aggactgaga attttctgac 300 cgcagtgcac c atg gga agc tct gaa gtt tcc ata att cct ggg ctc cag 350 Met Gly Ser Ser Glu Val Ser Ile Ile Pro Gly Leu Gln 1 5 10 aaa gaa gaa aag gcg gcc gtg gag aga cga aga ctt cat gtg ctg aaa 398 Lys Glu Glu Lys Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Arg Arg Leu His Val Leu Lys 15 20 25 gct ctg aag aag cta agg att gag gct gat gag gcc cca gtt gtt gct 446 Ala Leu Lys Lys Leu Arg Ile Glu Ala Asp Glu Ala Pro Val Val Ala 30 35 40 45 gtg ctg ggc tca ggc gga gga ctg cgg gct cac att gcc tgc ctt ggg 494 Val Leu Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Arg Ala His Ile Ala Cys Leu Gly 50 55 60 gtc ctg agt gag atg aaa gaa cag ggc ctg ttg gat gcc gtc acg tac 542 Val Leu Ser Glu Met Lys Glu Gln Gly Leu Leu Asp Ala Val Thr Tyr 65 70 75 ctc gca ggg gtc tct gga tcc act tgg gca ata tct tct ctc tac acc 590 Leu Ala Gly Val Ser Gly Ser Thr Trp Ala Ile Ser Ser Leu Tyr Thr 80 85 90 aat gat ggt gac atg gaa gct ctc gag gct gac ctg aaa cat cga ttt 638 Asn Asp Gly Asp Met Glu Ala Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Lys His Arg Phe 95 100 105 acc cga cag gag tgg gac ttg gct aag agc cta cag aaa acc atc caa 686 Thr Arg Gln Glu Trp Asp Leu Ala Lys Ser Leu Gln Lys Thr Ile Gln 110 115 120 125 gca gcg agg tct gag aat tac tct ctg acc gac ttc tgg gcc tac atg 734 Ala Ala Arg Ser Glu Asn Tyr Ser Leu Thr Asp Phe Trp Ala Tyr Met 130 135 140 gtt atc tct aag caa acc aga gaa ctg ccg gag tct cat ttg tcc aat 782 Val Ile Ser Lys Gln Thr Arg Glu Leu Pro Glu Ser His Leu Ser Asn 145 150 155 atg aag aag ccc gtg gaa gaa ggg aca cta ccc tac cca ata ttt gca 830 Met Lys Lys Pro Val Glu Glu Gly Thr Leu Pro Tyr Pro Ile Phe Ala 160 165 170 gcc att gac aat gac ctg caa cct tcc tgg cag gag gca aga gca cca 878 Ala Ile Asp Asn Asp Leu Gln Pro Ser Trp Gln Glu Ala Arg Ala Pro 175 180 185 gag acc tgg ttc gag ttc acc cct cac cac gct ggc ttc tct gca ctg 926 Glu Thr Trp Phe Glu Phe Thr Pro His His Ala Gly Phe Ser Ala Leu 190 195 200 205 ggg gcc ttt gtt tcc ata acc cac ttc gga agc aaa ttc aag aag gga 974 Gly Ala Phe Val Ser Ile Thr His Phe Gly Ser Lys Phe Lys Lys Gly 210 215 220 aga ctg gtc aga act cac cct gag aga gac ctg act ttc ctg aga ggt 1022 Arg Leu Val Arg Thr His Pro Glu Arg Asp Leu Thr Phe Leu Arg Gly 225 230 235 tta tgg gga agt gct ctt ggt aac act gaa gtc att agg gaa tac att 1070 Leu Trp Gly Ser Ala Leu Gly Asn Thr Glu Val Ile Arg Glu Tyr Ile 240 245 250 ttt gac cag tta agg aat ctg acc ctg aaa ggt tta tgg aga agg gct 1118 Phe Asp Gln Leu Arg Asn Leu Thr Leu Lys Gly Leu Trp Arg Arg Ala 255 260 265 gtt gct aat gct aaa agc att gga cac ctt att ttt gcc cga tta ctg 1166 Val Ala Asn Ala Lys Ser Ile Gly His Leu Ile Phe Ala Arg Leu Leu 270 275 280 285 agg ctg caa gaa agt tca caa ggg gaa cat cct ccc cca gaa gat gaa 1214 Arg Leu Gln Glu Ser Ser Gln Gly Glu His Pro Pro Pro Glu Asp Glu 290 295 300 ggc ggt gag cct gaa cac acc tgg ctg act gag atg ctc gag aat tgg 1262 Gly Gly Glu Pro Glu His Thr Trp Leu Thr Glu Met Leu Glu Asn Trp 305 310 315 acc agg acc tcc ctg gaa aag cag gag cag ccc cat gag gac ccc gaa 1310 Thr Arg Thr Ser Leu Glu Lys Gln Glu Gln Pro His Glu Asp Pro Glu 320 325 330 agg aaa ggc tca ctc agt aac ttg atg gat ttt gtg aag aaa aca ggc 1358 Arg Lys Gly Ser Leu Ser Asn Leu Met Asp Phe Val Lys Lys Thr Gly 335 340 345 att tgc gct tca aag tgg gaa tgg ggg acc act cac aac ttc ctg tac 1406 Ile Cys Ala Ser Lys Trp Glu Trp Gly Thr Thr His Asn Phe Leu Tyr 350 355 360 365 aaa cac ggt ggc atc cgg gac aag ata atg agc agc cgg aag cac ctc 1454 Lys His Gly Gly Ile Arg Asp Lys Ile Met Ser Ser Arg Lys His Leu 370 375 380 cac ctg gtg gat gct ggt tta gcc atc aac act ccc ttc cca ctc gtg 1502 His Leu Val Asp Ala Gly Leu Ala Ile Asn Thr Pro Phe Pro Leu Val 385 390 395 ctg ccc ccg acg cgg gag gtt cac ctc atc ctc tcc ttc gac ttc agt 1550 Leu Pro Pro Thr Arg Glu Val His Leu Ile Leu Ser Phe Asp Phe Ser 400 405 410 gcc gga gat cct ttc gag acc atc cgg gct acc act gac tac tgc cgc 1598 Ala Gly Asp Pro Phe Glu Thr Ile Arg Ala Thr Thr Asp Tyr Cys Arg 415 420 425 cgc cac aag atc ccc ttt ccc caa gta gaa gag gct gag ctg gat ttg 1646 Arg His Lys Ile Pro Phe Pro Gln Val Glu Glu Ala Glu Leu Asp Leu 430 435 440 445 tgg tcc aag gcc ccc gcc agc tgc tac atc ctg aaa gga gaa act gga 1694 Trp Ser Lys Ala Pro Ala Ser Cys Tyr Ile Leu Lys Gly Glu Thr Gly 450 455 460 cca gtg gtg ata cat ttt ccc ctg ttc aac ata gat gcc tgt gga ggt 1742 Pro Val Val Ile His Phe Pro Leu Phe Asn Ile Asp Ala Cys Gly Gly 465 470 475 gat att gag gca tgg agt gac aca tac gac aca ttc aag ctt gct gac 1790 Asp Ile Glu Ala Trp Ser Asp Thr Tyr Asp Thr Phe Lys Leu Ala Asp 480 485 490 acc tac act cta gat gtg gtg gtg cta ctc ttg gca tta gcc aag aag 1838 Thr Tyr Thr Leu Asp Val Val Val Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys 495 500 505 aat gtc agg gaa aac aag aag aag atc ctt aga gag ttg atg aac gtg 1886 Asn Val Arg Glu Asn Lys Lys Lys Ile Leu Arg Glu Leu Met Asn Val 510 515 520 525 gcc ggg ctc tac tac ccg aag gat agt gcc cga agt tgc tgc ttg gca 1934 Ala Gly Leu Tyr Tyr Pro Lys Asp Ser Ala Arg Ser Cys Cys Leu Ala 530 535 540 tagatgagcc tcagcttcca gggcactgtg ggcctgttgg tctactaggg ccctgaagtc 1994 cacctggcct tcctgttctt cactcccttc agccacacgc ttcatggcct tgagttcacc 2054 ttggctgtcc taacagggcc aatcaccagt gaccagctag actgtgattt tgatagcgtc 2114 attcagaaga aggtgtccaa ggagctgaag gtggtgaaat ttgtcctgca ggtccctcgg 2174 gagatcctgg agctggagca tgagtgtctg acaatcagaa gcatcatgtc caatgtccag 2234 atggccagaa tgaatgtgat agttcagacc aatgccttcc actgctcctt tatgactgca 2294 cttctagcca gtagctctgc acaagttagc tctgtagaag taagaacttg ggcttaaatc 2354 atgggctatc tctccacagc caagtggagc tctgagaata caacaagtgc tcaataaatg 2414 cttgctgatt gaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 2454 <210> SEQ ID NO 2 <211> LENGTH: 541 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Homo sapiens <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: ACT_SITE <222> LOCATION: (6)...(242) <221> NAME/KEY: ACT_SITE <222> LOCATION: (366)...(535) <400> SEQUENCE: 2 Met Gly Ser Ser Glu Val Ser Ile Ile Pro Gly Leu Gln Lys Glu Glu 1 5 10 15 Lys Ala Ala Val Glu Arg Arg Arg Leu His Val Leu Lys Ala Leu Lys 20 25 30 Lys Leu Arg Ile Glu Ala Asp Glu Ala Pro Val Val Ala Val Leu Gly 35 40 45 Ser Gly Gly Gly Leu Arg Ala His Ile Ala Cys Leu Gly Val Leu Ser 50 55 60 Glu Met Lys Glu Gln Gly Leu Leu Asp Ala Val Thr Tyr Leu Ala Gly 65 70 75 80 Val Ser Gly Ser Thr Trp Ala Ile Ser Ser Leu Tyr Thr Asn Asp Gly 85 90 95 Asp Met Glu Ala Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Lys His Arg Phe Thr Arg Gln 100 105 110 Glu Trp Asp Leu Ala Lys Ser Leu Gln Lys Thr Ile Gln Ala Ala Arg 115 120 125 Ser Glu Asn Tyr Ser Leu Thr Asp Phe Trp Ala Tyr Met Val Ile Ser 130 135 140 Lys Gln Thr Arg Glu Leu Pro Glu Ser His Leu Ser Asn Met Lys Lys 145 150 155 160 Pro Val Glu Glu Gly Thr Leu Pro Tyr Pro Ile Phe Ala Ala Ile Asp 165 170 175 Asn Asp Leu Gln Pro Ser Trp Gln Glu Ala Arg Ala Pro Glu Thr Trp 180 185 190 Phe Glu Phe Thr Pro His His Ala Gly Phe Ser Ala Leu Gly Ala Phe 195 200 205 Val Ser Ile Thr His Phe Gly Ser Lys Phe Lys Lys Gly Arg Leu Val 210 215 220 Arg Thr His Pro Glu Arg Asp Leu Thr Phe Leu Arg Gly Leu Trp Gly 225 230 235 240 Ser Ala Leu Gly Asn Thr Glu Val Ile Arg Glu Tyr Ile Phe Asp Gln 245 250 255 Leu Arg Asn Leu Thr Leu Lys Gly Leu Trp Arg Arg Ala Val Ala Asn 260 265 270 Ala Lys Ser Ile Gly His Leu Ile Phe Ala Arg Leu Leu Arg Leu Gln 275 280 285 Glu Ser Ser Gln Gly Glu His Pro Pro Pro Glu Asp Glu Gly Gly Glu 290 295 300 Pro Glu His Thr Trp Leu Thr Glu Met Leu Glu Asn Trp Thr Arg Thr 305 310 315 320 Ser Leu Glu Lys Gln Glu Gln Pro His Glu Asp Pro Glu Arg Lys Gly 325 330 335 Ser Leu Ser Asn Leu Met Asp Phe Val Lys Lys Thr Gly Ile Cys Ala 340 345 350 Ser Lys Trp Glu Trp Gly Thr Thr His Asn Phe Leu Tyr Lys His Gly 355 360 365 Gly Ile Arg Asp Lys Ile Met Ser Ser Arg Lys His Leu His Leu Val 370 375 380 Asp Ala Gly Leu Ala Ile Asn Thr Pro Phe Pro Leu Val Leu Pro Pro 385 390 395 400 Thr Arg Glu Val His Leu Ile Leu Ser Phe Asp Phe Ser Ala Gly Asp 405 410 415 Pro Phe Glu Thr Ile Arg Ala Thr Thr Asp Tyr Cys Arg Arg His Lys 420 425 430 Ile Pro Phe Pro Gln Val Glu Glu Ala Glu Leu Asp Leu Trp Ser Lys 435 440 445 Ala Pro Ala Ser Cys Tyr Ile Leu Lys Gly Glu Thr Gly Pro Val Val 450 455 460 Ile His Phe Pro Leu Phe Asn Ile Asp Ala Cys Gly Gly Asp Ile Glu 465 470 475 480 Ala Trp Ser Asp Thr Tyr Asp Thr Phe Lys Leu Ala Asp Thr Tyr Thr 485 490 495 Leu Asp Val Val Val Leu Leu Leu Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Asn Val Arg 500 505 510 Glu Asn Lys Lys Lys Ile Leu Arg Glu Leu Met Asn Val Ala Gly Leu 515 520 525 Tyr Tyr Pro Lys Asp Ser Ala Arg Ser Cys Cys Leu Ala 530 535 540 <210> SEQ ID NO 3 <211> LENGTH: 24 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 3 ttcgacttca gtgccggaga tcct 24 <210> SEQ ID NO 4 <211> LENGTH: 24 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 4 gggaaaatgc atcaccactg gtcc 24 <210> SEQ ID NO 5 <211> LENGTH: 24 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 5 gttcacctca tcctctcctt cgac 24 <210> SEQ ID NO 6 <211> LENGTH: 48 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 6 tcggggtacc gaattcgggc cctatgccaa gcagcaactt cgggcact 48 <210> SEQ ID NO 7 <211> LENGTH: 18 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 7 gatcggtagc ggtagcac 18 <210> SEQ ID NO 8 <211> LENGTH: 18 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: oligonucleotide <400> SEQUENCE: 8 catggtgcta ccgctacc 18 <210> SEQ ID NO 9 <211> LENGTH: 8 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: peptide <400> SEQUENCE: 9 Gly Ile Gly Ser Gly Ser Thr Met 1 5 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from: i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and ii) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[14C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves the phospholipid and releases fatty acid, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 2. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from: i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and ii) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[14C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor compound, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 3. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 4. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[14C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine, and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 5. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves the phospholipid and releases fatty acid, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 6. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[14C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves the phospholipid and releases fatty acid, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity. 